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Charles Manning Hope Clark AC (3 March 1915 – 23 May 1991), an Australian historian, was the author of the best-known general history of Australia, his six-volume ''A History of Australia'', published between 1962 and 1987. He has been described as "Australia's most famous historian",〔Graeme Davidson and others, ''The Oxford Companion to Australian History'', Oxford University Press 1998, 128〕 but his work has been the target of much criticism, particularly from conservative and classical liberal academics and philosophers. ==Early life== Clark was born in Sydney in 1915,〔The basic facts of Clark's life and career are given in Stephen Holt, ''A Short History of Manning Clark'', Allen and Unwin 1999, and in Bridge's introduction to ''Manning Clark'', 2–9〕 the son of the Revd Charles Clark, an English-born Anglican priest from a working-class background (he was the son of a London carpenter), and Catherine Hope, who came from an old Australian establishment family. On his mother's side he was a descendant of the Reverend Samuel Marsden, the "flogging parson" of early colonial New South Wales. He had a difficult relationship with his mother, who never forgot her superior social origins, and came to identify her with the Protestant middle class he so vigorously attacked in his later work.〔Miriam Dickson, "Clark and national identity", in Carl Bridge (editor), ''Manning Clark: Essays on his Place in History'', Melbourne University Press 1994, p. 195.〕 Charles held various curacies in Sydney including St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, and St John's, Ashfield, where Catherine was a Sunday School teacher. His family moved to Melbourne when he was a child;〔The move was the result of Charles Clark's hasty departure from his parish in Kempsey, where he had been having an affair with the family's maid, by whom he had a daughter. This scandal, unspoken but always present, haunted Clark's childhood. Holt, ''A Short History'', 6〕 and lived in what one biographer describes as "genteel poverty" on the modest income of an Anglican vicar. Clark's happiest memories of his youth were of the years 1922–24, when his father was the vicar of Phillip Island, south-east of Melbourne, where he acquired the love of fishing and of cricket, which he retained for the rest of his life. He was educated at state schools at Cowes and Belgrave, and then at Melbourne Grammar School. Here, as an introspective boy from a modest background, he suffered from ridicule and bullying, and acquired a lifelong dislike for the sons of the Melbourne upper class who had tormented him and others at this school.〔Clark nevertheless sent his sons to Melbourne Grammar (Holt, ''A Short History'', p. 149.)〕 His later school years, however, were happier. He discovered a love of literature and the classics, and became an outstanding student of Greek, Latin and history (British and European). In 1933 he was equal dux of the school.〔Holt, ''A Short History'', 12〕 As a result, Clark won a scholarship to Trinity College at the University of Melbourne. Here he thrived, gaining firsts in ancient history and British history and captaining the college cricket team. In his second year he gained firsts in constitutional and legal history and in modern political institutions. One of his teachers, W. Macmahon Ball, one of Australia's leading political scientists of this period, made a deep impression on him. By this time he had lost his Christian faith but was not attracted to any of the secular alternatives on offer. His writings as a student explicitly rejected both socialism and communism.〔Holt, ''A Short History'', 20. Holt notes: "The () party refused to countenance the slightest differences of opinion, which was anathema to Clark's delicately honed sense of individuality... Individual communists gave off a pervasive sense of smugness. Faith in Stalin's omniscience meant that they lacked a healthy sense of human fallibility".〕 His favourite writers at this time were Fyodor Dostoyevsky and T. S. Eliot, and his favourite historian was the conservative Thomas Carlyle. In 1937 Clark won a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford, and left Australia in August 1938. Among his teachers at Oxford were Hugh Trevor-Roper (a conservative), Christopher Hill (at that time a communist) and A. J. P. Taylor (a moderate socialist). He won acceptance by excelling at cricket – playing for the Oxford XI and competing alongside Edward Heath and Roy Jenkins. He began a master of arts thesis on Alexis de Tocqueville. At Oxford in the late 1930s he shared the left's horror of fascism – which he had seen first hand during a visit to Nazi Germany in 1938 – but was not attracted to the communism which was prevalent among undergraduates at the time. His exposure to Nazism in 1938 made him more pessimistic and sceptical about the state of European civilisation, however he was not attracted to the emancipatory process of socialism and favoured a capitalist, social democratic approach.〔Holt, ''A Short History'', 36〕 At Oxford also he suffered the social snubs commonly experienced by "colonials" at that time, which was apparently the source of his lifelong dislike of the English.〔Dickson in Carl Bridge, ''Manning Clark'', 195. Examples of Clark's Anglophobia are given in Peter Ryan, "Manning Clark," ''Quadrant'', August 1993, 9〕 In 1939 in Oxford he married Dymphna Lodewyckx, the daughter of a Flemish intellectual and a formidable scholar in her own right, with whom he had six children. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Manning Clark」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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